The subacute risks and side effects of magnetic and RF fields (for patients and staff) have been intensively examined for a long time, but there have been no long-term studies following persons who have been exposed to the static magnetic fields used in
MRI. However, no permanent hazardous effects of a static
magnetic field exposure upon human beings have yet been demonstrated.
Temporary possible side effects of high magnetic and RF fields:
•
Varying magnetic fields can induce so-called magnetic phosphenes that occur when an individual is subject to rapid changes of 2-5 T/s, which can produce a flashing sensation in the eyes. This temporary side effect does not seem to damage the eyes. Static field strengths used for clinical
MRI examinations vary between 0.2 and 3.0
tesla;; field changes during the
MRI scan vary in the dimension of mT/s. Experimental imaging units can use higher field strengths of up to 14.0 T, which are not approved for human use.
•
The
Radio frequency pulses mainly produce heat, which is absorbed by the body tissue. If the power of the RF radiation is very high, the patient may be heated too much. To avoid this heating, the limit of RF exposure in
MRI is up to the maximum
specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg whole body weight (can be different from country to country). For
MRI safety reasons, the
MRI machine starts no sequence, if the SAR limit is exceeded.
•
Very high static magnetic fields are needed to reduce the conductivity of nerves perceptibly. Augmentation of T waves is observed at fields used in standard imaging but this side effect in
MRI is completely reversible upon removal from the
magnet.
Cardiac arrhythmia threshold is typically set to 7-10
tesla. The
magnetohydrodynamic effect, which results from a voltage occurring across a vessel in a
magnetic field and percolated by a saline solution such as blood, is irrelevant at the field strengths used.
The results of some animal and cellular studies suggest the possibility that electromagnetic fields may act as co-carcinogens or tumor promoters, but the data are inconclusive.
Up to 45
tesla, no important effects on enzyme systems have been observed. Neither changes in enzyme kinetics, nor
orientation changes in macromolecules have been conclusively demonstrated.
There are some publications associating an increase in the incidence of leukemia with the location of buildings close to high-current power lines with extremely low-
frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation of 50-60 Hz, and industrial exposure to electric and magnetic fields but a transposition of such effects to
MRI or
MRS seems unlikely.
Under consideration of the
MRI safety guidelines,
real dangers or risks of an exposure with common
MRI field strengths up to 3
tesla as well as the RF exposure during the
MRI scan, are not to be expected.
For more
MRI safety information see also
Nerve Conductivity,
Contraindications,
Pregnancy
and
Specific Absorption Rate.
See also the related poll result: '
In 2010 your scanner will probably work with a field strength of'