Quick Overview
Please note that there are different common names for this artifact.

Backfolding always occurs due to wrong phase encoding caused by objects outside the planned FOV. Phase encoding gradients are scaled for the field of view only. Tissues outside the FOV do not get properly phase encoded relative to their actual position and 'wraps' into the opposite side of the image. The Backfolding artifact projects image contents which fall outside the imaging FOV back into the image; the back folded information thus reappearing on the other side of the image. In fact, information along the phase encoding direction can be viewed as projected onto a cylindrical screen with a circumference corresponding to the linear field of view dimension in the phase encoding direction.

See also Aliasing Artifact.

(BLISS) BLISS is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that provides the measurement of two bilateral volumes in a single acquisition. Localized shimming for each volume improves the fat suppression. BLISS is an imaging sequence for sagittal breast MRI studies with high spatial resolution and short scan time.

Quick Overview
Please note that there are different common names for this artifact.

Black boundary artifacts are black lines following voxels where both water and fat protons are present in the same voxel. This artifact arise along the boundary of organs or tissues perpendicular to the frequency encoding direction, and occurs preferentially in gradient echo sequences with out of phase echo times.

Fat suppression techniques eliminate this artifact. For artifact reducing helps a smaller water fat shift (high bandwidth), a higher matrix or/and an in phase TE.

See also Chemical Shift Artifact.

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(CPMG) This type of spin echo pulse sequence consisting of a 90° radio frequency pulse followed by an echo train induced by successive 180° pulses and is useful for measuring T2 weighted images. It is a modification of the Carr-Purcell RF pulse sequence, with 90° phase shift in the rotating frame of reference between the 90° pulse and the subsequent 180° pulses in order to reduce accumulating effects of imperfections in the 180° pulses. Suppression of effects of pulse error accumulation can alternatively be achieved by switching phases of the 180° pulses by 180°.